Participles as Adjectives: Active and Passive Meaning

Last updated: July 11, 2026

Form and decline present (Partizip I) and past (Partizip II) participles as adjectives and distinguish simultaneous activity from passive/result meaning.

Explanation

Formation and meaning

The present participle is infinitive + -d + adjective ending. It normally describes an active action happening at the same time. The past participle takes an adjective ending and, with transitive verbs, normally expresses a completed passive event or resulting state. With verbs whose perfect uses sein, its meaning is active and resultative.

A reflexive pronoun remains before a present participle but is omitted when the past participle is used as an adjective. Extensions precede the participle. Participles decline like attributive adjectives. Lexicalized forms such as erfrischend, anwesend may be predicative; substantivized forms take adjective endings.

PatternGerman example
Partizip I: formationein lachendes Kind = ein Kind, das lacht
Partizip II: passive/resultein geöffnetes Fenster = ein Fenster, das geöffnet wurde/ist
simultaneous activedie singenden Gäste = die Gäste, die gerade singen
completed passivedas gesungene Lied = das Lied, das gesungen wurde
sein-perfect: active resultder angekommene Zug = der Zug, der angekommen ist
change of statedie gesunkenen Temperaturen = Temperaturen, die gesunken sind
reflexive Partizip Ieine sich öffnende Tür = eine Tür, die sich öffnet
reflexive Partizip IIdie geöffnete Tür; das Reflexivpronomen entfällt
extended participleder viel zu spät angekommene Zug
coordinated descriptioneine altmodisch gekleidete, ältere Frau
lexicalized predicative adjectiveDas Getränk ist erfrischend; alle sind anwesend.
substantivized participledie Reisenden, ein Verletzter, die Erwachsenen
minimal pairdas landende Flugzeug / das gelandete Flugzeug
minimal pairder korrigierende Lehrer / der korrigierte Text

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B2 · German · Grammar

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