Definite, Indefinite and Negative Articles

Last updated: July 10, 2026

Learn when German uses a definite, indefinite, negative, or zero article. Practise the forms in the nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive.

Explanation

Four choices before a noun

A German article shows gender, number, and case, but it also tells us whether something is known, new, negated, or meant generally.

  • definite article: a known or uniquely identifiable thing - der, die, das, die
  • indefinite article: a new or unspecified thing - ein, eine
  • negative article: negates a noun - kein, keine
  • zero article: no article appears before the noun

Definite article

Use the definite article when the noun has already been mentioned or is clear from context:

Im Flur steht ein Schrank. Der Schrank ist sehr alt.

Casemasculinefeminineneuterplural
Nominativederdiedasdie
Accusativedendiedasdie
Dativedemderdemden
Genitivedesderdesder

Indefinite and negative articles

The indefinite article introduces something new. Kein- negates a noun and takes the same endings as ein-. There is no plural indefinite article, but keine is available.

Casemasculinefeminineneuterplural with kein-
Nominativeein / keineine / keineein / keinkeine
Accusativeeinen / keineneine / keineein / keinkeine
Dativeeinem / keinemeiner / keinereinem / keinemkeinen
Genitiveeines / keineseiner / keinereines / keineskeiner

Examples:

  • Wir brauchen einen Termin.
  • Ich habe keinen Termin.
  • Sie spricht mit einer Kundin.
  • Wir haben mit keinen Kunden gesprochen.

Zero article

German often uses no article:

  • with an indefinite plural: Kinder spielen draußen.
  • with professions and nationalities after sein/werden when they are not further specified: Mira ist Ärztin.
  • with materials and abstract ideas in a general sense: Der Tisch ist aus Holz. Geduld ist wichtig.
  • after quantities: Wir kaufen zwei Kilo Äpfel.
  • with cities, continents, and most countries: Er lebt in Dresden. Sie fährt nach Kanada. Countries with a fixed article keep it: Sie fährt in die Schweiz.
  • in fixed expressions: Angst haben, Auto fahren

A modifier can make the noun specific again and require an article: Der Kaffee auf dem Tisch ist kalt.

Strategy

First ask: known, new, negated, or general? Then identify gender, number, and case. This gives you both the article type and its correct ending.

Exercises

  • Choose the article that matches the meaning in context: known, new, negated, or general. (11)
  • Complete the full article in the correct form. Check gender, number, and case. (11)
  • Complete the articles in the connected situations. A dash (—) represents the zero article. (4)
  • Write a complete sentence using the requested article type and the correct case form. (11)

A2 · German · Grammar

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